LIVESTOCK CENSUS-2006
OVER VIEW
In view of the importance of livestock in the economy as well as in the life of a common man, the Government is trying by all means to fix priorities to increase production of milk, meat and poultry to meet rising domestic demand of ever increasing population and produce exportable surplus as well. The efforts and planning for the purpose will precisely create job opportunities, which would have a multiplier effect on the economy. Going forward for a meaningful planning and execution of the livestock development activities, the role of accurate and upto date statistics need no further emphasis. To meet out this data need, the current decennial census fourth in succession was planned and executed in phases according to the peculiar conditions of the country. Animals included in live stock is cow, ox, buffalo, camel, goat, sheep, horses and any animal which can be domesticated. Livestock (also cattle) refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor.
Livestock generally are raised for subsistence or for profit. Raising animals (animal husbandry) is an important component of modern agriculture. It has been practiced in many cultures since the transition to farming from hunter-gather lifestyles.Livestock production is the second biggest economic activity after crop husbandry for rural population in the country. Out of 175 million people in the country, more than 135 million (67% live in the rural areas.
Livestock generally are raised for subsistence or for profit. Raising animals (animal husbandry) is an important component of modern agriculture. It has been practiced in many cultures since the transition to farming from hunter-gather lifestyles.Livestock production is the second biggest economic activity after crop husbandry for rural population in the country. Out of 175 million people in the country, more than 135 million (67% live in the rural areas.
OBJECTIVE
LIVESTOCK ROLE IN PAKISTAN ECONOMY
LIVESTOCK FLOW DOWN MARKET
ANIMAL FODDER
CONSTRAINTS
BEEF Production
Beef Production for Small Farms Beef production is a large and important segment of American agriculture and one of the largest industries in the world. For people who own land but work full-time off the farm, a beef enterprise can be the least labor-intensive way to utilize their land. A cattle enterprise can use family or surplus labor. Calving, weaning, vaccinations, castration, and weighing can be planned for times when labor is available
Animal Welfare: Understanding and Addressing Issues Related to the Well-being of Livestock The goals of Oregon livestock producers are parallel to those of the American Dream—to enjoy an occupation of raising livestock, provide for their families, be independent, and avoid unwarranted criticism and interference. For Oregon livestock producers to stay in business and remain on the ranch, they must be efficient, responsible producers.
Rotational Grazing: Livestock Systems Guide (ATTRA) Rotational grazing is periodically moving livestock to fresh paddocks, to allow pastures to regrow. Rotational grazing requires skillful decisions and close monitoring of their consequences. Modern electric fencing and innovative water-delivery devices are important tools. Feed costs decline and animal health improves when animals harvest their own feed in a well-managed rotational grazing system. Included are lists of resources for further research
BREEDING, REPRODUCTION & CALVING
Choosing and Managing Young Bulls
Over time, bulls provide 90% of the genetic change in most beef herds. A producer should carefully plan the selection and subsequent management of young bulls. Purchasing young bull calves has become an economic reality in the beef industry.
Calving Difficulties in Beef Cattle Calf death at or shortly after calving results in losses of over 3.5 million calves annually in the United States. About 45% of these losses are caused by dystocia (delayed and/or difficult parturition). The two principal factors involved in dystocia are size of calf and age of cow.
Weaning Management for Calves The main objective of a weaning program is to get the calves separated from their mothers and on their own as simply and efficiently as possible.
Raising Newborn Calves There several reasons for raising calves without their mothers. Occasionally, a cow dies giving birth or doesn't produce enough milk to support a growing calf. Some people buy calves to raise for beef and use grass grown on a few acres.
Oklahoma State Information on Cattle Breeds This site is intended as an educational and informational resource on breeds of livestock throughout the world.
Calving School Handbook Focus on the calving process, the mechanisms associated with this event, information and management options of calving difficulties.
NUTRITION
Beef Cattle Nutrition Workbook An interactive workbook to be used in conjunction with Oregon State University Extension Service Winter Nutrition Programs for beef producers. Evaluating Grain for Livestock Feed Producers need to develop "a good eye" for grain quality. Our purposes here are to define those grain characteristics that you can visually evaluate and to discuss their importance in determining the feed value of a grain.
Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Ruminants on Pasture (ATTRA) Provides managers with tools and references to consider biological and climatological variables and make decisions that ensure the ecological and economic viability of a grass-based ruminant livestock operation.
Feeding For Rebreeding Good nutritional status is one of the most important factors in successful reproduction. In this article I will review the nutritional demands, the nutrient requirements, and the nutrient content of common feeds for mature cows and first-calf heifers after calving and into the breeding season.
HEALTH
Calf Scours: Causes and Treatment Prevention of Calf Scours
Other Beef ResourcesOklahoma State University Beef Cattle Resources
Animal Welfare: Understanding and Addressing Issues Related to the Well-being of Livestock The goals of Oregon livestock producers are parallel to those of the American Dream—to enjoy an occupation of raising livestock, provide for their families, be independent, and avoid unwarranted criticism and interference. For Oregon livestock producers to stay in business and remain on the ranch, they must be efficient, responsible producers.
Rotational Grazing: Livestock Systems Guide (ATTRA) Rotational grazing is periodically moving livestock to fresh paddocks, to allow pastures to regrow. Rotational grazing requires skillful decisions and close monitoring of their consequences. Modern electric fencing and innovative water-delivery devices are important tools. Feed costs decline and animal health improves when animals harvest their own feed in a well-managed rotational grazing system. Included are lists of resources for further research
BREEDING, REPRODUCTION & CALVING
Choosing and Managing Young Bulls
Over time, bulls provide 90% of the genetic change in most beef herds. A producer should carefully plan the selection and subsequent management of young bulls. Purchasing young bull calves has become an economic reality in the beef industry.
Calving Difficulties in Beef Cattle Calf death at or shortly after calving results in losses of over 3.5 million calves annually in the United States. About 45% of these losses are caused by dystocia (delayed and/or difficult parturition). The two principal factors involved in dystocia are size of calf and age of cow.
Weaning Management for Calves The main objective of a weaning program is to get the calves separated from their mothers and on their own as simply and efficiently as possible.
Raising Newborn Calves There several reasons for raising calves without their mothers. Occasionally, a cow dies giving birth or doesn't produce enough milk to support a growing calf. Some people buy calves to raise for beef and use grass grown on a few acres.
Oklahoma State Information on Cattle Breeds This site is intended as an educational and informational resource on breeds of livestock throughout the world.
Calving School Handbook Focus on the calving process, the mechanisms associated with this event, information and management options of calving difficulties.
NUTRITION
Beef Cattle Nutrition Workbook An interactive workbook to be used in conjunction with Oregon State University Extension Service Winter Nutrition Programs for beef producers. Evaluating Grain for Livestock Feed Producers need to develop "a good eye" for grain quality. Our purposes here are to define those grain characteristics that you can visually evaluate and to discuss their importance in determining the feed value of a grain.
Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Ruminants on Pasture (ATTRA) Provides managers with tools and references to consider biological and climatological variables and make decisions that ensure the ecological and economic viability of a grass-based ruminant livestock operation.
Feeding For Rebreeding Good nutritional status is one of the most important factors in successful reproduction. In this article I will review the nutritional demands, the nutrient requirements, and the nutrient content of common feeds for mature cows and first-calf heifers after calving and into the breeding season.
HEALTH
Calf Scours: Causes and Treatment Prevention of Calf Scours
Other Beef ResourcesOklahoma State University Beef Cattle Resources
DAIRY
Production
Managing Dairy Grazing for Better Grass and More Milk Pasture and grazing management is a science that dairy managers can learn and apply. The study of how pastures grow and how the dairy cow uses them provides the scientific knowledge needed to manage pastures effectively
Owning a Dairy Cow or Goat If you already own a cow or goat, this publication will give you information about caring for your animal and using the milk produced. If you are still choosing, remember there is a tremendous variation in the capacity of individual dairy cows and goats to produce milk.
Raising Newborn Calves How to raise calves without their mother.
Good Farm Equipment Sanitation Means Better Milk Quality Tests For any dairy food, milk bacteria counts, handling, and cleanliness dictate the flavor and keeping quality of the finished product. High-quality milk with low bacteria counts and the potential for long shelf life starts on the farm with clean, sanitized cows and equipment.
Grass-Based and Seasonal Dairying (ATTRA) Grass-based dairies differ from confinement dairies because cows harvest their own feed, reducing the need for costly supplemental feed and other purchased supplies. However, they require considerably more management skill. Seasonal operations have increased challenges in breeding all cows in a short period and in planning for loss of income during the off season.
The Economics of Grass-based Dairying (ATTRA) Discusses economics of dairies, land requirements for grazing dairies, supplemental feed, seasonal dairies, labor and profitability.
Raising Dairy Heifers on Pasture (ATTRA) Offers references on pasture and grazing, discusses custom heifer-raising and costs of raising heifers on pasture.
Manure & Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management for Dairy Production: Dairy Manure as a Fertilizer Source This publication examines several aspects of the nutrient content and value of dairy manure: Nutrient flow through a dairy, distribution of nutrients in manure, dairy manure nutrient content, and the value of manure
Reducing the Risk of Groundwater Contamination from Livestock Manure Management The challenge in managing manure is to apply it in the quantity and method that will meet the following objectives: provide the proper amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, prevent manure from being carried off the land surface due to runoff, and assure that nutrients are not carried beyond the root zone to contribute to ground-water contamination.
Manure Management in Small Farm Livestock Operations: Protecting Surface and Groundwater
Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals Livestock producers constantly face the challenge of managing manure, dead animal disposal, and meeting environmental regulations. Composting is a possible alternative for handling manure. The benefits include reduced volume, enhanced soil fertility and texture, and reduced environmental risk.
Nutrition
Dry Cow Feeding Management The dry, or nonmilking, period late in pregnancy is critical to preparing a dairy cow for the next lactation. Dry cows have special nutritional and management needs. Proper care and feeding at this time will return more milk and healthier cows in the next lactation
Evaluating Grain for Livestock Feed Producers need to develop "a good eye" for grain quality. The purpose here are to define those grain characteristics that you can visually evaluate and to discuss their importance in determining the feed value of a grain.
Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Ruminants on Pasture (ATTRA) Provides managers with tools and references to consider biological and climatological variables and make decisions that ensure the ecological and economic viability of a grass-based ruminant livestock operation.
Feeding the Dairy Cow During Lactation Information on the main stages in the lactation cycle of dairy cows, lactational biology, and feeding.
Health
White Muscle and Other Selenium-Responsive Diseases of Livestock (Oregon State University)
Other Dairy Resources
OSU Dairy Program
OSU Extension Dairy Program
Oregon Department of Agriculture Rules and Regulations for Dairies
Managing Dairy Grazing for Better Grass and More Milk Pasture and grazing management is a science that dairy managers can learn and apply. The study of how pastures grow and how the dairy cow uses them provides the scientific knowledge needed to manage pastures effectively
Owning a Dairy Cow or Goat If you already own a cow or goat, this publication will give you information about caring for your animal and using the milk produced. If you are still choosing, remember there is a tremendous variation in the capacity of individual dairy cows and goats to produce milk.
Raising Newborn Calves How to raise calves without their mother.
Good Farm Equipment Sanitation Means Better Milk Quality Tests For any dairy food, milk bacteria counts, handling, and cleanliness dictate the flavor and keeping quality of the finished product. High-quality milk with low bacteria counts and the potential for long shelf life starts on the farm with clean, sanitized cows and equipment.
Grass-Based and Seasonal Dairying (ATTRA) Grass-based dairies differ from confinement dairies because cows harvest their own feed, reducing the need for costly supplemental feed and other purchased supplies. However, they require considerably more management skill. Seasonal operations have increased challenges in breeding all cows in a short period and in planning for loss of income during the off season.
The Economics of Grass-based Dairying (ATTRA) Discusses economics of dairies, land requirements for grazing dairies, supplemental feed, seasonal dairies, labor and profitability.
Raising Dairy Heifers on Pasture (ATTRA) Offers references on pasture and grazing, discusses custom heifer-raising and costs of raising heifers on pasture.
Manure & Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management for Dairy Production: Dairy Manure as a Fertilizer Source This publication examines several aspects of the nutrient content and value of dairy manure: Nutrient flow through a dairy, distribution of nutrients in manure, dairy manure nutrient content, and the value of manure
Reducing the Risk of Groundwater Contamination from Livestock Manure Management The challenge in managing manure is to apply it in the quantity and method that will meet the following objectives: provide the proper amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, prevent manure from being carried off the land surface due to runoff, and assure that nutrients are not carried beyond the root zone to contribute to ground-water contamination.
Manure Management in Small Farm Livestock Operations: Protecting Surface and Groundwater
Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals Livestock producers constantly face the challenge of managing manure, dead animal disposal, and meeting environmental regulations. Composting is a possible alternative for handling manure. The benefits include reduced volume, enhanced soil fertility and texture, and reduced environmental risk.
Nutrition
Dry Cow Feeding Management The dry, or nonmilking, period late in pregnancy is critical to preparing a dairy cow for the next lactation. Dry cows have special nutritional and management needs. Proper care and feeding at this time will return more milk and healthier cows in the next lactation
Evaluating Grain for Livestock Feed Producers need to develop "a good eye" for grain quality. The purpose here are to define those grain characteristics that you can visually evaluate and to discuss their importance in determining the feed value of a grain.
Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Ruminants on Pasture (ATTRA) Provides managers with tools and references to consider biological and climatological variables and make decisions that ensure the ecological and economic viability of a grass-based ruminant livestock operation.
Feeding the Dairy Cow During Lactation Information on the main stages in the lactation cycle of dairy cows, lactational biology, and feeding.
Health
White Muscle and Other Selenium-Responsive Diseases of Livestock (Oregon State University)
Other Dairy Resources
OSU Dairy Program
OSU Extension Dairy Program
Oregon Department of Agriculture Rules and Regulations for Dairies
SHEEP
Production
- Sheep Production Guide (OSU)
- Sheep Management Calendar
- Sustainable Sheep Production
- Raising Dairy Sheep (ATTRA)
GOATS
General
- Goat Care Practices
- Sustainable Goat Production
- Biology of the Goat
- Goat Equipment & Housing Plans
- Raising Goats
- Sustainable Meat Goat Production
- Meat Goat Production Guide
- Goat Carcass Characteristics
- Meat Goat Production
- Dairy Goats for Family Milk Supply
- Owning a Dairy Cow or Goat
- Sustainable Dairy Goat Production
- Dairy Goat Production Guide
HORSES
Management
Managing Small-acreage Horse Farms for Green Pastures, Clean Water, and Healthy Horses Horses, grass, manure, soil, and water are all connected. How you manage one affects the others. For example, when, where, and how long your animals graze affects grass regrowth, weed competition, and the safety of your well water. How you deal with water runoff affects your horse's health, nearby streams, and your enjoyment of your farm. By managing each aspect of your farm well, the result will be greener pastures, less mud, healthier horses, and more personal satisfaction.
Managing Small-acreage Horse Farms in Central and Eastern Oregon Horses, grass, manure, soil, and water are all connected. How you manage one affects the others. For example, when, where, and how long your animals graze affects grass regrowth, weed competition, and the safety of your well water. How you deal with water runoff affects your horse's health, nearby streams, and your enjoyment of your farm. By managing each aspect of your farm well, the result will be greener pastures, less mud, healthier horses, and more personal satisfaction.
Housing for Horse Owning a horse can be an incredibly rewarding experience. One of the biggest decisions is choosing a place to keep your horse. What considerations should you take to choose a place that best fits your and your horse's needs.
Identifying Abnormal Equine Behavior Vices affect a horse's usefulness, dependability and health. These bad habits may be due to a variety of causes including fear, nervousness, excessive energy, viciousness, nutritional deficiencies or boredom.
Managing Small-acreage Horse Farms for Green Pastures, Clean Water, and Healthy Horses Horses, grass, manure, soil, and water are all connected. How you manage one affects the others. For example, when, where, and how long your animals graze affects grass regrowth, weed competition, and the safety of your well water. How you deal with water runoff affects your horse's health, nearby streams, and your enjoyment of your farm. By managing each aspect of your farm well, the result will be greener pastures, less mud, healthier horses, and more personal satisfaction.
Managing Small-acreage Horse Farms in Central and Eastern Oregon Horses, grass, manure, soil, and water are all connected. How you manage one affects the others. For example, when, where, and how long your animals graze affects grass regrowth, weed competition, and the safety of your well water. How you deal with water runoff affects your horse's health, nearby streams, and your enjoyment of your farm. By managing each aspect of your farm well, the result will be greener pastures, less mud, healthier horses, and more personal satisfaction.
Housing for Horse Owning a horse can be an incredibly rewarding experience. One of the biggest decisions is choosing a place to keep your horse. What considerations should you take to choose a place that best fits your and your horse's needs.
Identifying Abnormal Equine Behavior Vices affect a horse's usefulness, dependability and health. These bad habits may be due to a variety of causes including fear, nervousness, excessive energy, viciousness, nutritional deficiencies or boredom.
Breeds, Reproduction & Foaling
Managing your Pregnant Mare and Her Foal Proper mare management is essential to ensure the birth of a live, healthy foal with the greatest probability of survival and success in performance. One of the most exciting and rewarding experiences for horse owners is raising a foal. Watching a foal grow and mature into a good youth horse, pleasure mount, or even a world champion can be a thrill, but it does require effort, time, and horsemanship skills. Early management decisions help determine the relative success of the foal's entire life.
Horse Breeds Information This site is intended as an educational and informational resource on breeds of livestock throughout the world.
Equine Colors and Makings (Cornell) The accurate description of coat color and white markings is the most common method used to identify horses. Although there is some regional or breed variation in the terminology used, the basic terminology is fairly standard.
Basic Horse Nutrition Knowing the basics of equine nutrition is essential to properly caring for your animal. This guide provides basic nutritional background every horse owner should know.
Managing your Pregnant Mare and Her Foal Proper mare management is essential to ensure the birth of a live, healthy foal with the greatest probability of survival and success in performance. One of the most exciting and rewarding experiences for horse owners is raising a foal. Watching a foal grow and mature into a good youth horse, pleasure mount, or even a world champion can be a thrill, but it does require effort, time, and horsemanship skills. Early management decisions help determine the relative success of the foal's entire life.
Horse Breeds Information This site is intended as an educational and informational resource on breeds of livestock throughout the world.
Equine Colors and Makings (Cornell) The accurate description of coat color and white markings is the most common method used to identify horses. Although there is some regional or breed variation in the terminology used, the basic terminology is fairly standard.
Basic Horse Nutrition Knowing the basics of equine nutrition is essential to properly caring for your animal. This guide provides basic nutritional background every horse owner should know.
Feeding Alternatives for Horses A balanced ration for horses should provide nutrients required for body maintenance, growth, reproduction, and work. These nutrients include carbohydrates and fats (energy), protein, vitamins, minerals, and water. Rations will vary with the needs of the horse taking into account there level of activity or production.
Nutritional Management for Horses (Purdue)
The basic nutritional management for horses should be the same, whether you are feeding a horse to win a 4-H show, a competitive trail ride, or the Kentucky Derby. The ultimate goal in feeding should be to have a healthy horse able to perform in the desired manner.
Nutritional Management for Horses (Purdue)
The basic nutritional management for horses should be the same, whether you are feeding a horse to win a 4-H show, a competitive trail ride, or the Kentucky Derby. The ultimate goal in feeding should be to have a healthy horse able to perform in the desired manner.
POULTRY
Management
- Growing Broilers in Oregon: Facts for the Potential Grower
- Avoiding Residues in Small Poultry an dGame Bird Flocks
- Growing Your Range Poultry Business: An Entrepreneur's Toolbox
- Range Poultry Housing
- Small-Scale Poulty Processing
- Sustainable Poultry: Production Overview
- Profitable Poultry: Raising Birds on Pasture
- Small-Scale Alternative Poultry Production
OTHER LIVESTOCK
Beekeeping/Apiculture
Management
Evaluating Honey Bee Colonies for Pollination: A Guide for Growers and Beekeepers In the United States it is estimated that managed honey bee colonies are annually responsible for the pollination of agricultural crops valued between $4 and $8 billion. Honey bees are accurately described as indispensable pollinators.
Apiculture Guide (ATTRA) Various aspects of beekeeping or apiculture, including state inspection programs, beginning basics, income sources and budgets, insurance, Africanized bees, organic certification, and various bee pests and diseases.
Other Beekeeping Sources
Production
Bison Production Guide This publication takes a look at bison production and marketing practices. While not attempting to be comprehensive, it focuses on a number of areas that potential and current bison producers need to consider.
Training American Bison Calves Calm handling of bison, an excitable animal, requires attention to detail and strategies that differ greatly from traditional animal handling, including cattle handling.
The Calming of American Bison During Routine Handling The rationale for low stress handling, other than ethical concerns, can be justified on purely economical grounds.
Buffalo Handling Requirements
Other Bison ResourcesAquaculture
Aquaculture Enterprises: Considerations and Strategies This publication surveys the important considerations for planning an aquaculture enterprise. It will help you identify the production system, species, and marketing strategy most appropriate to your situation.
Livestock Health Information
Management
Evaluating Honey Bee Colonies for Pollination: A Guide for Growers and Beekeepers In the United States it is estimated that managed honey bee colonies are annually responsible for the pollination of agricultural crops valued between $4 and $8 billion. Honey bees are accurately described as indispensable pollinators.
Apiculture Guide (ATTRA) Various aspects of beekeeping or apiculture, including state inspection programs, beginning basics, income sources and budgets, insurance, Africanized bees, organic certification, and various bee pests and diseases.
Other Beekeeping Sources
- Oregon Beekeepers Association
- The Bee Research Library
- The National Honey Board
- Miscellaneous Bee Web Links
- University of Nebraska Apiculture Information
Production
Bison Production Guide This publication takes a look at bison production and marketing practices. While not attempting to be comprehensive, it focuses on a number of areas that potential and current bison producers need to consider.
Training American Bison Calves Calm handling of bison, an excitable animal, requires attention to detail and strategies that differ greatly from traditional animal handling, including cattle handling.
The Calming of American Bison During Routine Handling The rationale for low stress handling, other than ethical concerns, can be justified on purely economical grounds.
Buffalo Handling Requirements
Other Bison ResourcesAquaculture
Aquaculture Enterprises: Considerations and Strategies This publication surveys the important considerations for planning an aquaculture enterprise. It will help you identify the production system, species, and marketing strategy most appropriate to your situation.
Livestock Health Information
ADDITIONAL LIVESTOCK RESOURCES
Links of Interest
OSU Animal Sciences Department
Hay Options: When you are short on hay Options for producers short on hay due to winter and spring weather conditions.
Living on the Land: Pasture and Livestock Essentials Pasture and livestock management East of the Cascade Mountains.
Living on the Land: Winter Livestock Care Information on the basics of managing livestock in the winter.
Manure Management The basics of livestock manure management, including handling, storage, composting, use,
and reducing effects on the environment.
Matching Hay Quality with Animal Nutrient Requirements Addresses the topic of nutrient content of grass/legume hay and the nutrient requirements of livestock that may be consuming it.
On-farm Food Safety: Cleaning and Sanitizing Guide A guide to cleaning and sanitation during production, harvesting, and packaging to reduce the risk of contamination to fresh produce.
Pasture Rental Rates Rental rates for pasturing cattle and sheep vary depending on animal size or weight, condition of pasture, work done by each party, and lease length.
Poultry Pest Management (PNW Handbook)
Fencing & Watering
Paddock Design, Fencing, and Water Systems for Controlled Grazing Covers some of the basics of paddock design and current fencing and water technology. Paddock design needs to be based on landscape, land productivity, water availability, and the number and types of animals in the system.
Rotational Grazing Rotational grazing is periodically moving livestock to fresh paddocks, to allow pastures to regrow. Rotational grazing requires skillful decisions and close monitoring of their consequences.
Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems Gives an introduction to solar-powered livestock watering systems, including discussions of cost, components, and terminology, as well as some suggestions for designing and installing these systems.
OSU Animal Sciences Department
Hay Options: When you are short on hay Options for producers short on hay due to winter and spring weather conditions.
Living on the Land: Pasture and Livestock Essentials Pasture and livestock management East of the Cascade Mountains.
Living on the Land: Winter Livestock Care Information on the basics of managing livestock in the winter.
Manure Management The basics of livestock manure management, including handling, storage, composting, use,
and reducing effects on the environment.
Matching Hay Quality with Animal Nutrient Requirements Addresses the topic of nutrient content of grass/legume hay and the nutrient requirements of livestock that may be consuming it.
On-farm Food Safety: Cleaning and Sanitizing Guide A guide to cleaning and sanitation during production, harvesting, and packaging to reduce the risk of contamination to fresh produce.
Pasture Rental Rates Rental rates for pasturing cattle and sheep vary depending on animal size or weight, condition of pasture, work done by each party, and lease length.
Poultry Pest Management (PNW Handbook)
Fencing & Watering
Paddock Design, Fencing, and Water Systems for Controlled Grazing Covers some of the basics of paddock design and current fencing and water technology. Paddock design needs to be based on landscape, land productivity, water availability, and the number and types of animals in the system.
Rotational Grazing Rotational grazing is periodically moving livestock to fresh paddocks, to allow pastures to regrow. Rotational grazing requires skillful decisions and close monitoring of their consequences.
Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems Gives an introduction to solar-powered livestock watering systems, including discussions of cost, components, and terminology, as well as some suggestions for designing and installing these systems.
LIVESTOCK SOFTWARE
Livestock Software: A Quick Guide to Buying the Right OneImagine if ranchers and livestock farmers could gain better insights into their businesses, improve sales through more focus on the key areas of their businesses, track stock movements automatically, store breeding and genealogy data in real time, monitor animal productivity metrics, track cull information and the like in a cost effective way. This would allow them to focus on what they do best, running their farm or stock yard rather than tedious administrative activities.
Well, the good news is you can! By finding the right software, your business can achieve a dramatic improvement in its performance. And what's more, there are quality livestock management solutions out there that will not stretch your wallet, and that's good for everyone...
Types of Livestock Management Software
Whether you are running a cattle ranch in the USA, a dairy farm in New Zealand or a plantation in South America, there is software specifically tailored to your operation. Just within livestock farming alone (ignoring the supply chain and related agri-businesses), there are software products for management of cattle, dairy, sheep, horses, pigs, goats, alpacas, wildlife (eg deer) and the like. Extending this further, for farmers there are full agri-business management software packages that handle livestock recordkeeping, farm accounting and budgeting, field mapping, crop recordkeeping, weather management, chemicals management and the like.
Typical types of livestock management software include:
How Livestock Software Benefit You?
There are extensive benefits to finding software that is designed specifically for your business- that speaks your language and meets your specific operational requirements. This is most evident in small business software, where significant value is gained from this extensive functionality at a good value for money price point.
By freeing up time taken up by typically arduous manual administration tasks, you give yourself more time to focus on 'working on the business' - planning the most valuable activities to spend your time on. This improves your decision making significantly, as errors are eliminated and day to day activities become much less of a drag. This saves your business essential scarce resource, particularly over time.
What's more, by using livestock software, you introduce visibility of your business' operations. You can easily and quickly see all daily transactions, assess productivity metrics, track budgets, check stock levels (eg fertilizer), etc at the push of a button. Moreover, the task of capturing this data in the system is minimized. All of this amounts to a much more efficiently run operation- with less time and effort from you! Surely your time is important enough to you...
Through the key reporting, graphing and integration features of most systems, management reporting can also be done at the click of a button. Not only can you generate reports immediately for your accountant and for your own internal purposes, but you are able to export data and generate reportsw for the necessary enterprise / stock regulatory bodies, such as Breed societies.
Which Livestock Software is Right For You?
Regardless of your industry, size, or specific situation there is almost certainly a product out there that's right for you. The challenge is finding that ideal choice amongst the often overwhelming number of software packages on the market.
That's where Software Shortlist comes in. After talking with you about your requirements, we match you up with a shortlist of relevant providers that offer a solution that meets your needs. You can then arrange demonstrations or trials at your convenience.
It's a completely free service that uses our extensive knowledge and network of approved vendors to find solutions that meet your needs. We then make an introduction so you can complete your evalution process and discuss any questions with the appropriate person.
Importantly, we look broadly at livestock management software on the market, and are not tied to any one vendor. A few of the many leading livestock software vendors whose systems we have reviewed or matched people with include:
Get a free shortlist of relevant software by submitting your requirements belowRather than trawling through the many available options yourself, simply use the form below to submit your livestock requirements to Software Shortlist. We will then connect you with a shortlist of relevant vendors and service providers who are willing to explore your specific needs and discuss your questions in detail.
Well, the good news is you can! By finding the right software, your business can achieve a dramatic improvement in its performance. And what's more, there are quality livestock management solutions out there that will not stretch your wallet, and that's good for everyone...
Types of Livestock Management Software
Whether you are running a cattle ranch in the USA, a dairy farm in New Zealand or a plantation in South America, there is software specifically tailored to your operation. Just within livestock farming alone (ignoring the supply chain and related agri-businesses), there are software products for management of cattle, dairy, sheep, horses, pigs, goats, alpacas, wildlife (eg deer) and the like. Extending this further, for farmers there are full agri-business management software packages that handle livestock recordkeeping, farm accounting and budgeting, field mapping, crop recordkeeping, weather management, chemicals management and the like.
Typical types of livestock management software include:
- Livestock recordkeeping software - for enterprise stock management of herds and individual animals: cattle, dairy, pig, horses / equine, deer / wildlife, alpaca, sheep, etc
- Crop or horticulture recordkeeping software - for management of crops, pastures, land usage, orchards and the like
- Land or field mapping software - to manage your land in real time using mobile computer technologies
- Weather and rainfall software - for monitoring and managing natural conditions and how to respond to these strategically
- Feed management software - for livestock feed management
- Plant and equipment software - to manage assets, buildings and equipment in the agri industry
- Paddock and pasture management software
- Quality management software - tailored to ensuring quality standards are met both in primary production and in the agriculture supply chain
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- Aquaculture and fisheries management software - to manage your fishing or aqua business
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How Livestock Software Benefit You?
There are extensive benefits to finding software that is designed specifically for your business- that speaks your language and meets your specific operational requirements. This is most evident in small business software, where significant value is gained from this extensive functionality at a good value for money price point.
By freeing up time taken up by typically arduous manual administration tasks, you give yourself more time to focus on 'working on the business' - planning the most valuable activities to spend your time on. This improves your decision making significantly, as errors are eliminated and day to day activities become much less of a drag. This saves your business essential scarce resource, particularly over time.
What's more, by using livestock software, you introduce visibility of your business' operations. You can easily and quickly see all daily transactions, assess productivity metrics, track budgets, check stock levels (eg fertilizer), etc at the push of a button. Moreover, the task of capturing this data in the system is minimized. All of this amounts to a much more efficiently run operation- with less time and effort from you! Surely your time is important enough to you...
Through the key reporting, graphing and integration features of most systems, management reporting can also be done at the click of a button. Not only can you generate reports immediately for your accountant and for your own internal purposes, but you are able to export data and generate reportsw for the necessary enterprise / stock regulatory bodies, such as Breed societies.
Which Livestock Software is Right For You?
Regardless of your industry, size, or specific situation there is almost certainly a product out there that's right for you. The challenge is finding that ideal choice amongst the often overwhelming number of software packages on the market.
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It's a completely free service that uses our extensive knowledge and network of approved vendors to find solutions that meet your needs. We then make an introduction so you can complete your evalution process and discuss any questions with the appropriate person.
Importantly, we look broadly at livestock management software on the market, and are not tied to any one vendor. A few of the many leading livestock software vendors whose systems we have reviewed or matched people with include:
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REPORT1) Title
2) Preface 3) Contents 4) Main Findings 5) Census Report 6) Appendices 7) Form - 2 8) Per cent Sampling Errors 9) Comments of Experts |
The Buffalo: A Legendary Beast
There are more than 200 million buffaloes in the world, about one-ninth the numbers of cattle. The buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is entirely a different species from cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and there is no well-documented case of their interbreeding. Distinctively horned, coarse-skinned, wide muzzled and spindle-shanfeed, the massive creature is hardly pretty but beneath that unlovely exterior exist a gentle, genial nature. Buffaloes remain so serene that their horns are almost never removed for reasons of unsociability. The water buffalo cools off by wallowing because its sweat glands are few and its hair is sparse. Get the animal within sight of water and it charges in right up to its ears.
HISTORY:
Water buffalo is one of the major livestock species of the Asian region. Depictions of the buffalo appear on seals struck about 5000 years ago in the Indus Valley. A thousand years later buffaloes were being used in China. The domestic buffaloes have been used as draft animals for centuries, they have evolved exceptional size. Some weigh 1000kg or more. In the villages of northern India and Indonesia, buffaloes are used as watchdogs because they seem to hate predatory animals. River buffaloes are thought to have spread westward into Mesopotamia, coinciding with the expansion of Islam. Buffaloes are living alarm clock. In Iraq's southern marshes, blood feuds between families were common. People are still known to sleep with their head on a buffalo's foreleg. If danger arises during the night the alert animal's movement wakes them up.
The type that developed from India westward is the "Rive" buffalo. Most often black or dark gray, with tightly coiled or drooping, straight horns, this is the dairy type that gives more than 60 percent of total milk of the country Pakistan and almost all its ghee (Deshi ghee or butter oil) for cooking. Thousands of small herds are found in towns and smaller cities of India, Pakistan, and Egypt. Sometimes buffalos are fed, managed, and milked in the busy streets. The type that developed to the east of India is the gray "Swamp" buffalo or carabao, distinguished by massive horns growing out horizontally from the forehead and sweeping backward in a wide semicircle.
Between 600 and 900 AD, Arabs apparently took the buffalo throughout the Middle East mainly to Egypt, where this animal is now the major livestock species. In the 1200s some animals were sent to Europe and over two million remain in Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia, Romania, Hungary, and southern parts of the Soviet Union (now independent states).
Buffaloes have been helping Italy's farmers too. Italians convert the rich milk intioi mozzarella, one of the most famous cheese, some Italians have capitalized on buffalo's love of music and sounds of the human voices. Their milking sheds ring with arias by Puccini and Verdi and the buffaloes have become so conditioned they won't give milk without the opera blaring. Earlier this century, a few Italian river buffaloes and swamp buffaloes from for Eastern countries were shipped to Brazil. With others brought from Pakistan and India, they have multiplied to two million. In the Amazon region, numbers are increasing so fast that Brazil will maintain the world's largest water-buffalo population by the year 2017. From Brazil, the buffalo has begun spreading throughout tropical American countries including Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Bolivia. In 1984 experts from Taiwan were flown to Haiti to teach local farmers how to work water buffaloes in rice fields. Haitian farmers now command their animals in China. Chinese scientists have crossbred the Indian-River buffalo with the local swamp type; the hybrids gave excellent milk yield. Similar hybrids created great excitement among Filipino farmers, with the help of FAO.
During World War II Japanese invasion troops ate so many buffaloes that to rebuild the herds later, governments in the countries once occupied by Japan passed laws requiring buffaloes to be at least ten years old before slaughter. The old aged and culled animals used as a living tractor are attracting modern admirers. These animals can work in far deeper mud than can most tractors and unlike tractors buffaloes do not need gasoline or spare parts. Thus buffaloes are considered too valuable as work animals, milch animals and to sacrifice for meat. Other valuable by-products from buffalo include mounted heads, skulls, and hides.
Alvar Munez Cabeza de Vaca was only the second Spanish explorer recorded to have seen a buffalo in the new world. In 1530, he wrote the following comparing bison meat to Spanish beef of that time:
"To my judgment, the flesh [of Bison] is finer and sweeter than that of this country [Spain]. The Indians make blankets of those that are not full grown, and of the larger they make shoes and buckles."
Alvar Munez Cabaza de Vaca - 1530 a.d. (Dary, 8)
The type that developed from India westward is the "Rive" buffalo. Most often black or dark gray, with tightly coiled or drooping, straight horns, this is the dairy type that gives more than 60 percent of total milk of the country Pakistan and almost all its ghee (Deshi ghee or butter oil) for cooking. Thousands of small herds are found in towns and smaller cities of India, Pakistan, and Egypt. Sometimes buffalos are fed, managed, and milked in the busy streets. The type that developed to the east of India is the gray "Swamp" buffalo or carabao, distinguished by massive horns growing out horizontally from the forehead and sweeping backward in a wide semicircle.
Between 600 and 900 AD, Arabs apparently took the buffalo throughout the Middle East mainly to Egypt, where this animal is now the major livestock species. In the 1200s some animals were sent to Europe and over two million remain in Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia, Romania, Hungary, and southern parts of the Soviet Union (now independent states).
Buffaloes have been helping Italy's farmers too. Italians convert the rich milk intioi mozzarella, one of the most famous cheese, some Italians have capitalized on buffalo's love of music and sounds of the human voices. Their milking sheds ring with arias by Puccini and Verdi and the buffaloes have become so conditioned they won't give milk without the opera blaring. Earlier this century, a few Italian river buffaloes and swamp buffaloes from for Eastern countries were shipped to Brazil. With others brought from Pakistan and India, they have multiplied to two million. In the Amazon region, numbers are increasing so fast that Brazil will maintain the world's largest water-buffalo population by the year 2017. From Brazil, the buffalo has begun spreading throughout tropical American countries including Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Bolivia. In 1984 experts from Taiwan were flown to Haiti to teach local farmers how to work water buffaloes in rice fields. Haitian farmers now command their animals in China. Chinese scientists have crossbred the Indian-River buffalo with the local swamp type; the hybrids gave excellent milk yield. Similar hybrids created great excitement among Filipino farmers, with the help of FAO.
During World War II Japanese invasion troops ate so many buffaloes that to rebuild the herds later, governments in the countries once occupied by Japan passed laws requiring buffaloes to be at least ten years old before slaughter. The old aged and culled animals used as a living tractor are attracting modern admirers. These animals can work in far deeper mud than can most tractors and unlike tractors buffaloes do not need gasoline or spare parts. Thus buffaloes are considered too valuable as work animals, milch animals and to sacrifice for meat. Other valuable by-products from buffalo include mounted heads, skulls, and hides.
Alvar Munez Cabeza de Vaca was only the second Spanish explorer recorded to have seen a buffalo in the new world. In 1530, he wrote the following comparing bison meat to Spanish beef of that time:
"To my judgment, the flesh [of Bison] is finer and sweeter than that of this country [Spain]. The Indians make blankets of those that are not full grown, and of the larger they make shoes and buckles."
Alvar Munez Cabaza de Vaca - 1530 a.d. (Dary, 8)
NATURE OF BUFFALO:
Buffalo have an entirely different nature than cattle and lives longer than domestic cattle. In working buffalo one needs to develop the philosophy of leading, not driving. Most experienced raisers keep their herds tame and manageable by treating them to special goodies periodically. Another important thing to remember is that buffalo as have a very strong herding instinct. Buffaloes have a highly structured social "pecking" order determined by seniority in the herd, size, and age. They stay in cohesive groups, and it is very difficult to cut individuals from the herd. One or two buffaloes will not be happy, and they will not thrive even under the best of conditions. To achieve best results one has to maintain several in group. If there are cows or other animals nearby they will yearn to join them. Their herd instinct is so strong that they will give up their individuality as buffalo to leap the fence and join another species so they can be part to a real herd. Pasturing two herds of buffaloes side by side will usually result in the group ignoring the fence and becoming one. Buffalo have a higher tolerance to cold temperatures than domestic cattle, and therefore exhibit greater winter hardiness. Because of the buffalo's superior digestion of low quality feeds, it may be better suited for production on marginal rangelands
Handling
Buffalo get very nervous when being worked. Handle them slowly and gently to avoid exciting them. When excited, they are extremely dangerous to the other buffaloes, as well as the humans handling them. An ideal setup consists of a corral that the buffalo come to for grain or water often. It should lead into a working chute which has a gate to control the animals.
Health and Diseases
Buffaloes are hardy animals and seem to resist against many diseases that plague cattle. However, problems will erupt when they are maintained under close confinement. All precautionary measures should be adopted by the producers and especially maintain a control program for parasites. This is highly important when buffaloes are crowded or raised in areas of heavy rainfall and fast grass growth. Producers need to learn about parasite life cycles and then develop a deworming program that will break the cycle. Rotating pastures is not only good range management, but it also helps to break the parasite cycle.
Buffalo are susceptible to the same diseases as domestic cattle, but their immune system appears to be more resilient. All female calves should be vaccinated for brucellosis between four and nine months of age. The calves and cow herd should be de-wormed in the fall of the year. Calves should be inoculated against any other diseases, the local veterinarian recommends. A "7-way" vaccination is recommended to protect against several forms of clostridium.
Buffalo are susceptible to the same diseases as domestic cattle, but their immune system appears to be more resilient. All female calves should be vaccinated for brucellosis between four and nine months of age. The calves and cow herd should be de-wormed in the fall of the year. Calves should be inoculated against any other diseases, the local veterinarian recommends. A "7-way" vaccination is recommended to protect against several forms of clostridium.
Reproduction
The breeding (rutting) season for buffaloes generally begins in August and continues through December. The buffalo gestation period is around 310 days. Heifers calve at age of three year. The females bear only one calf every 14 month. They usually produce one calf, and very rarely twins. The calves are cinnamon in color and weigh between 20 to 35 kg at birth; if impregnated in June should be born about mid of April. One bull can service at least 10 females. A higher ratio of bulls normally result in a lower calf crop, as the bulls will spend too much energy fighting for dominance and not enough energy for breeding the females.
All over the world animal scientists are trying to find the ways to boost production. A work had been done on embryo transfer techniques. The value of buffalo as breeding stock varies considerably, depending on health, age of animal, and bloodlines. It's a good thing, too, because a buffalo cow is unlikely to let you help her through a difficult birth. Buffalo will continue to produce calves at a rate of one per year, may be up to the age of their 20's.
All over the world animal scientists are trying to find the ways to boost production. A work had been done on embryo transfer techniques. The value of buffalo as breeding stock varies considerably, depending on health, age of animal, and bloodlines. It's a good thing, too, because a buffalo cow is unlikely to let you help her through a difficult birth. Buffalo will continue to produce calves at a rate of one per year, may be up to the age of their 20's.
Calf Production
To protect the developing fetus, most producers advocate weaning calves in the late fall or early winter months. Others let the cows wean the calves. The calves soon learn to eat, and quickly catch up with their weaned brothers once they are turned out to graze on the new spring grass. Some advantages to manually weaning the calves in the fall are: (1) that the cows will get through the winter in better condition, and (2) that calves will start on grain and fatten more readily. The disadvantages include the increased labor required and the extensive corral system needed to keep animals separate. Also, some cows will not wean their calves, and this can result in the older calf driving the newborn calf away the following spring.
To begin buffalo production farm, starting with calves is recommended. Buffalo calves adapt more readily to new surroundings than mature animals. It is best to buy two to three animals from the same herd. Prospective breeding herd producers should buy heifer calves. If the producer is interested in raising animals for meat production, then bull calves should be purchased.
To begin buffalo production farm, starting with calves is recommended. Buffalo calves adapt more readily to new surroundings than mature animals. It is best to buy two to three animals from the same herd. Prospective breeding herd producers should buy heifer calves. If the producer is interested in raising animals for meat production, then bull calves should be purchased.
Buffalo meat
The demand for buffalo meat has increased, primarily because consumers perceive it to have less intramuscular fat (more lean meat) than beef from cattle. Some also believe that this means the meat is lower in cholesterol, though this has not been proven. The research studies revealed that buffalo steaks have 46 percent less cholesterol than some of major breeds of beef cattle. Buffalo meat also has a better taste and is preferable over beef. A large proportion of the beef eaten in Asia is actually from buffalo.
Herd Production
Buffalo cows can remain productive until 20 years of age. The typical replacement rate for buffalo cows is 10 percent. Cows can be bred to calve at three years of age. Bull calves may be used for breeding at two years of age, although they will probably not breed any cows if there is an older, larger, more mature bull in the same herd. Bull calves can be finished at 500 to 600 kg by the age of 24 months; however, 30 months is a more likely average.
Feeding
Buffaloes consume 1.5 - 2.0 per cent of their body weight in feed (100 per cent dry matter basis) every day just to maintain body weight. Water buffaloes are also cud-chewing ruminants but they are more efficient feed converters than cattle. In fact, in the past buffalo were commonly promoted by stressing "how little feed it took to keep them alive." Three buffaloes can be fed on the same amount of ration required for two cows, but feeding animals at these levels does not lead to good production. They should be stocked at the same rate recommended for cattle. Buffaloes eat the same types of feedstuffs and grasses as cattle. However, they can eat a variety of weeds and brush that cattle do not like. The digestion of buffaloes seems to be outstandingly efficient. They extract nutrients from straw so coarse and dry those cattle eating it starve. Buffalo can make a living off weeds that cattle would have difficulty handling as the implications of the buffalo's digestive talents are enormous. Although buffalo feed is cheaper than cattle feed, buffalo gain weight more slowly than cattle, so feed cost per kilogram of gain is similar. Buffalo calves do not gain weight markedly faster when fed a ration high in concentrates. The feed and mineral requirements to fatten the calves are total requirements to get the calf from 7 to 30 months of age. A recommended feeding regime for finishing buffalo is to allow them to eat roughage free choice from weaning to about 20 months of age. Then allow the male animal's access to concentrates ad lib for approximately four months to fatten them for slaughter. Buffalo bulls fed in this manner should yield a 400 kg carcass by 30 months of age. Because buffalo are slower to reach slaughter weight, the cash flow needs of the enterprise need to be considered.
Buffalo on a finishing ration will require about 2.50-3.00 per cent of their body weight in feed (100 percent dry matter basis) every day. The diet for finishing animals should never contain less than 10 per cent roughage.
The breeding bull should be fed .70 kg digestible protein, and 4-5 kg of grain in addition to their daily maintenance requirement during the breeding season. Buffalo cows should be maintained well year round. They require the most feed shortly after calving, and many advocate flushing their systems prior to the breeding season. A cow raising a 205 kg calf yearly needs a year-round average of 4.5-5.00 kg of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) a day: 8-9 kg by the time the calf is four months old to weaning, and then less afterward. For good digestion, feed should also include at least 1 kg of roughage per 100 kg of body weight. One kg of dry matter per 50 kg of live weight will meet maximum energy requirements. As a thumb rule, hay is 50% TDN and grain is 75% TDN. Hay is usually 90% dry matter, while grain is generally considered 88% dry matter. Good silage is 30% dry matter.
Buffalo on a finishing ration will require about 2.50-3.00 per cent of their body weight in feed (100 percent dry matter basis) every day. The diet for finishing animals should never contain less than 10 per cent roughage.
The breeding bull should be fed .70 kg digestible protein, and 4-5 kg of grain in addition to their daily maintenance requirement during the breeding season. Buffalo cows should be maintained well year round. They require the most feed shortly after calving, and many advocate flushing their systems prior to the breeding season. A cow raising a 205 kg calf yearly needs a year-round average of 4.5-5.00 kg of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) a day: 8-9 kg by the time the calf is four months old to weaning, and then less afterward. For good digestion, feed should also include at least 1 kg of roughage per 100 kg of body weight. One kg of dry matter per 50 kg of live weight will meet maximum energy requirements. As a thumb rule, hay is 50% TDN and grain is 75% TDN. Hay is usually 90% dry matter, while grain is generally considered 88% dry matter. Good silage is 30% dry matter.
Buying Precautions
Prospective buyers should check into the reputation of the producers. Find out in advance what charges you will be accountable for, what health guarantees are available, and who bears financial responsibility for animals injured or killed during transport. Buffalo bulls should be semen tested. Also, confirm as much information as possible regarding the animals' age, overall condition, teeth and eyes, soundness, and quality. Finally, demand a negative brucellosis and tuberculosis test on all animals, male or female.
Sahiwal Dairy Cattle
History
The Sahiwal originated in the dry Punjab region which lies along the Indian-Pakistani border. They were once kept in large herds by professional herdsmen called “Junglies”. With the introduction of irrigation systems to the region they began to be kept in smaller numbers by the farmers of the region, who used them as draft and dairy animals.
Today the Sahiwal is one of the best dairy breeds in India and Pakistan. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they have been exported to other Asian countries as well as Africa and the Caribbean.
The Sahiwal was exported to Australia via New Guinea in the early 1950’s. In Australia, the Sahiwal was initially selected as a dual-purpose breed. It played a valuable role in the development of the two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian Milking Zebu and the Australian Fresian Sahiwal. Sahiwals are now predominately used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover.
Today the Sahiwal is one of the best dairy breeds in India and Pakistan. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they have been exported to other Asian countries as well as Africa and the Caribbean.
The Sahiwal was exported to Australia via New Guinea in the early 1950’s. In Australia, the Sahiwal was initially selected as a dual-purpose breed. It played a valuable role in the development of the two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian Milking Zebu and the Australian Fresian Sahiwal. Sahiwals are now predominately used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover.
Characteristics
Their colour can range from reddish brown through to the more predominant red, with varying amounts of white on the neck, and the underline. In males the colour darkens towards the extremities, such as the head, legs and tail.It is tick-resistant, heat-tolerant and noted for its high resistance to parasites, both internal and external. Cows average 2270kg of milk during a lactation while suckling a calf and much higher milk yields have been recorded. They are generally docile and lethargic, making them more useful for slow work.
The Sahiwal is the heaviest milker of all Zebu breeds and display a well developed udder. Sahiwals demonstrate the ability to sire small, fast-growing calves and are noted for their hardiness under unfavorable climatic conditions.
The Sahiwal is the heaviest milker of all Zebu breeds and display a well developed udder. Sahiwals demonstrate the ability to sire small, fast-growing calves and are noted for their hardiness under unfavorable climatic conditions.
Statistics
High milk yields
Tick and parasite resistance
Heat tolerant
Ease of calving
Longevity, reproducing for upto 20yrs
Drought resistant
Bloat tolerant
Good temperament
Lean meat with even fat cover
Tick and parasite resistance
Heat tolerant
Ease of calving
Longevity, reproducing for upto 20yrs
Drought resistant
Bloat tolerant
Good temperament
Lean meat with even fat cover
White Revaluation
1) The White Revolution Driving Rural Development
2) White Paper on Pakistan's Dairy Sector
3) Global Market Analysis
2) White Paper on Pakistan's Dairy Sector
3) Global Market Analysis